IBM Certification Exams

Public Key Infrastructure 156-215.1 MB7-515 642-811 70-526
Public key encryption wouldn’t be any easier than shared key encryption if everyone had to manually exchange public keys. That’s why we use a PKI-to make the process of managing and exchanging public keys simpler. A PKI is a set of policies, standards, and software that manages certificates and public and private keys. A PKI consists of a set of digital certificates, certification authorities (CAs), and tools that can be used to authenticate users and computers and to verify transactions. In order to place the PKI implementation provided by Windows Server 2003 in the proper context, this section provides a general overview of the components that make up a PKI.

See Also The data formats and network communications used by a PKI are (mostly) standardized. For detailed, but dry, information about PKI standards, refer to RFC 2459.
Certificates
A public key certificate, referred to in this chapter as simply a certificate, is a tool for using public key encryption for authentication and encryption. Certificates are issued and signed by a CA, and any user or application that examines the certificate can safely assume that the CA did indeed issue the certificate. If you trust the CA to do a good job of authenticating users before handing out certificates, and you believe that the CA protects the privacy of its certificates and keys, you can trust that a certificate holder is who he or she claims to be.

Certificates can be issued for a variety of functions, including Web user authentication, Web server authentication, secure e-mail, encryption of network communications, and code signing. CAs even use certificates to identify themselves, create other certificates, and establish a certification hierarchy between other CAs. If the Windows Server 2003 enterprise CA is used in an organization, clients can use certificates to log on to the domain.

Certification authorities
A CA is an entity trusted to issue certificates to an individual, a computer, or a service. A CA accepts a certificate request, verifies the requester’s information according to the policies of the CA and the type of certificate being requested, generates a certificate, and then uses its private key to digitally sign the certificate. A CA can be a public third party, such as VeriSign, or it can be internal to an organization. For example, you might choose to use Windows Server 2003 Certificate Services to generate certificates for users and computers in your Active Directory directory service domain. Each CA can have distinct proof-of-identity requirements for certificate requesters, such as a domain account, an employee badge, a driver’s license, a notarized request, or a physical address.

Registration is the process by which subjects make themselves known to a CA. Registration can be accomplished automatically during the certificate enrollment process, or it can be accomplished by a trusted entity such as a smart card enrollment station. Certificate enrollment is the procedure that a user follows to request a certificate from a CA. The certificate request provides identity information to the CA, and the information the user provides becomes part of the issued certificate.

Certificate life cycle MB7-517 70-299 70-541
Certificates cannot be used forever; that would give an attacker too much time to identify the corresponding private key. Certificates have a predefined life cycle and expire at the end of this life cycle. You, as the security administrator, maintain control over the certificate. You can extend the lifetime of a certificate by renewing it, or end the usefulness of a certificate before the expiration date by revoking it.

A number of factors influence the length you will choose for a certificate lifetime, such as the type of certificate, the security requirements of your organization, the standard practices in your industry, and government regulations. In general, longer keys support longer certificate lifetimes and key lifetimes. Longer lifetimes reduce administrative labor, which reduces costs.

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Considerations for Evaluating Your Environment 70-431 70-646 70-236
When establishing an authentication strategy for your organization, you must become familiar with your current environment, including the structure of your organization; the users, computers, and services in your organization that require authentication; and the applications and services that are in use. This will help you to understand the requirements and constraints of your organization.
When evaluating your environment, identify the following:
The number of domain controllers in your organization. Ensure that there are enough domain controllers to support client logon requests and authentication requests while meeting your redundancy requirements. A sufficient number of domain controllers will ensure that a large volume of authentication requests will not result in authentication failures, even if a domain controller is offline because of hardware or network failures.
The type of network connectivity between site locations in your organization. Ensure that clients in remote sites are connected well enough to authenticate to domain controllers located in main sites. If connectivity is an issue, consider installing domain controllers in sites that might have logon problems because of slow or unreliable links. 642-415 642-373 70-642
Planning Everyone is always concerned about whether they have enough bandwidth, but it’s latency that’s more likely to cause authentication problems across wide area network links. Authentication requires very little bandwidth. However, packets must go back and forth across the link several times. If latency causes a significant delay for each round trip, authentication will seem slow.
The number of certification authorities (CAs) that are available in your organization and their locations. Ensure that you have enough CAs to support the anticipated number of certificate requests.
Guidelines for Creating a Strong Password Policy
Encryption limits your vulnerability to having user credentials intercepted and misused. Specifically, password encryption is designed to be extremely difficult for unauthorized users to decrypt. Ideally, when a strong password is used, it should take an attacker months, years, or decades to identify the unencrypted password after the attacker captures the encrypted or hashed password. During that time, the password should have been changed—making the unencrypted password now useless.
In contrast, weak passwords can be identified in a matter of hours or days, even when they have been encrypted. Encryption cannot protect against passwords that are easily guessed, because weak passwords are vulnerable to dictionary attacks. Dictionary attacks encrypt a list of common passwords, and compare each possibility with the captured cyphertext. If the password appears in the password dictionary, the attacker will identify the password quickly. You can defend against this vulnerability by implementing a strong password policy.
Off the Record The best way to understand how effective dictionary attacks are is to grab a password cracking tool from the Internet and experiment with it on a test machine. I can’t point you to a specific tool, but they’re not hard to find. 70-271 70-445 70-237

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The following steps demonstrate the flow of events that occur when a client authenticates to a domain controller using any of the NTLM protocols: 70-649 1D0-470 117-202 jn0-562
The client and server negotiate an authentication protocol. This is accomplished through the Microsoft negotiate Security Support Provider (SSP).
The client sends the user name and domain name to the domain controller.
The domain controller generates a 16-byte random character string called a nonce.
The client encrypts the nonce with a hash of the user password and sends it back to the domain controller.
The domain controller retrieves the hash of the user password from the security account database.
The domain controller uses the hash value retrieved from the security account database to encrypt the nonce. The value is compared with the value received from the client. If the values match, the client is authenticated.
The Kerberos Authentication Process
The Kerberos protocol gets it name from the three-headed dog in Greek mythology. The three components of Kerberos are:
The client requesting services or authentication.
The server hosting the services requested by the client.
A computer that is trusted by the client and server (in this case, a Windows Server 2003 domain controller running the Kerberos Key Distribution Center service).
Kerberos authentication is based on specially formatted data packets known as tickets. In Kerberos, these tickets pass through the network instead of passwords. Transmitting tickets instead of passwords makes the authentication process more resistant to attackers who can intercept the network traffic.
Key Distribution Center 1D0-510 MB6-508 190-802 70-290
The Key Distribution Center (KDC) maintains a database of account information for all security principals in the domain. The KDC stores a cryptographic key known only to the security principal and the KDC. This key is used in exchanges between the security principal and the KDC and is known as a long term key. The long term key is derived from a user’s logon password.
Kerberos authentication process
In a Kerberos environment, the authentication process begins at logon. The following steps describe the Kerberos authentication process:
When a user enters a user name and password, the computer sends the user name to the KDC. The KDC contains a master database of unique long term keys for every principal in its realm.
The KDC looks up the user’s master key (KA), which is based on the user’s password. The KDC then creates two items: a session key (SA) to share with the user and a Ticket-Granting Ticket (TGT). The TGT includes a second copy of the SA, the user name, and an expiration time. The KDC encrypts this ticket by using its own master key (KKDC), which only the KDC knows.
Note Kerberos implements secret key cryptography, which is different from public key cryptography in that it does not use a public and private key pair.
The client computer receives the information from the KDC and runs the user’s password through a one-way hashing function, which converts the password into the user’s KA. The client computer now has a session key and a TGT so that it can securely communicate with the KDC. The client is now authenticated to the domain and is ready to access other resources in the domain by using the Kerberos protocol.
Important When a client receives the session key and TGT from the server, it stores that information in volatile memory and not on the hard disk. Storing the information in the volatile memory and not on the hard disk makes the information more secure, because the information would be lost if the server were physically removed.
When a Kerberos client needs to access resources on a server that is a member of the same domain, it contacts the KDC. The client will present its TGT and a timestamp encrypted with the session key that is already shared with the KDC. The KDC decrypts the TGT using its KKDC. The TGT contains the user name and a copy of the SA. The KDC uses the SA to decrypt the timestamp. The KDC can confirm that this request actually comes from the user because only the user can use the SA.
Next, the KDC creates a pair of tickets, one for the client and one for the server on which the client needs to access resources. Each ticket contains the name of the user requesting the service, the recipient of the request, a timestamp that declares when the ticket was created, and a time duration that says how long the tickets are valid. Both tickets also contain a new key (KAB) that will be shared between the client and the server so they can securely communicate.
The KDC takes the server’s ticket and encrypts it using the server master key (KB). Then the KDC nests the server’s ticket inside the client’s ticket, which also contains the KAB. The KDC encrypts the whole thing using the session key that it shares with the user from the logon process. The KDC then sends all the information to the user.
When the user receives the ticket, the user decrypts it using the SA. This exposes the KAB to the client and also exposes the server’s ticket. The user cannot read the server’s ticket. The user will encrypt the timestamp by using the KAB and send the timestamp and the server’s ticket to the server on which the client wants to access resources. When it receives these two items, the server first decrypts its own ticket by using its KB. This permits access to the KAB, which can then decrypt the timestamp from the client. HP0-145 70-646 70-291
Now both the client and the server have the KAB. The server can be sure that the client has truthfully identified itself because the client used the KAB to encrypt the timestamp. If it is necessary for the server to respond to the user, the server will use the KAB. The client will know that the server has truthfully identified itself because the server had to use its KB to get the KAB.
Exam Tip Be sure you understand the Kerberos authentication process for the exam!

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Michael Foxon’s Question:

I’m already studying for the 642-552 Securing Cisco Network Devices exam but have just realised that it will be discontinued as of 17th November 08. Cisco has released a new exam 640-453 IINS which seems to be the same as 642-552. If I pass the 642-552 exam before 17th Nov will I obtain a CCNA Security?

List of helpful answers:

I just passed the SND-exam last week, so I am also curious to know if it will be converted to a CCNA security. I sent an email to my local trainingpartner. If I hear back from them, I will post the info here. — Anders Frederiksen

No, you won’t. IINS is based on SND, but had additional contents and the exam is different. AS far as I know, there is no upgrade from SND to CCNA Voice. However, if you’re pusuing SSSP, either route will do: SND or CCNA Voice. — Sergio Porter

To Sergio Porter: SSSP and CCNA:Voice….It should be CCSP and CCNA:Security — Hussain Arsalan Ali

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Anweesy3’s Question:

I am a current CCNA pursuing the CCNP. I have the ONT and ISCW left to take. This new CCNA Security cert seems very valuable since I want to pursue security. I was wondering since the CCNA Security and ISCW have very similar topics, can I bypass purchasing the exam guide for the IINS 640-553 and use my study materials for the ISCW instead? What are your opinions?

List of helpful answers:

It is better to continue with the CCNP track, as you said ONT and ISCW left to take. You can go through the syllabus which is given in this site itself and compare with the ISCW. It is better to wait for CCNA security as it is a fresh paper recently released. Even i am preparing, but planning to take this exam after one month. We can get more views, and details about the paper.

I am using SND and SNRS for my prepartion. Just go for the link and I hope this will clear it..

http://www.cbtnuggets.com/webapp/product?id=445

My advice is to take for CCNP and meanwhile material will be available.. and then go for the security.

—— Naresh

Just so you are aware, Cisco Press has two product out for the CCNA Security Exam. They are:

CCNA Security Official Exam Certification Guide (print book with CD test engine)
CCNA Security Quick Reference (digital review product)

More information:642-552 
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While scouting for the top 8 hot jobs, we combed through tons of data offline as well online. Making a small list for just 10 hot jobs has taken some important considerations like the following ones:

1. Longevity of relevance of the job

2. Salary and growth potential

3. Universality of the field

While most job seekers looked for higher positions and salaries, others considered permanence of their job was their priority. It is noteworthy that the definition of job security has changed substantially in the last decade and it is all about continuing in the same job but under different employers. Ready? Here we go!

8 Hot Jobs And The Certifications You Need To Get Them
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The top hot jobs were all of a high profile nature and most of them were in the field of computers.

1. CISCO CERTIFIED NETWORK EXPERT: This hits the top for the second successive year. Candidates consider themselves lucky to pass this test even on their second attempt where the percentage success rate is just 15. This hits the top because of its ever-increasing popularity, salary potential and vast potential.

2. MICROSOFT CERTIFIED SYSTEMS ENGINEER: The MCSE certification has stayed on top for many years now. The job involves working with operating systems and security issues. The popularity is also because it doesn’t require additional certification to get through to your dream job. Job profile: Systems Engineer and Systems Analyst.

3. TEACHER: Why do you think this found its way to Top-3 slot? Close to 1.3 million teachers need to be recruited in the next 5-6 years. Teachers in the K-12 bracket: 724,000 and post secondary teachers: 603,000. We had to give this position its due. All states offer various educator preparation programs for aspirants through their respective boards of education.

4. REGISTERED NURSES: Registered nurses are going to be in top demand in the next 5-6 years due to the government’s spending on healthcare programs. This had to happen sooner than later after the recent well-publicized nursing shortage. Certification: The boards of nursing in every state administers the certification exam, National Council Licensure Examination (NCLEX). Minimum qualification to appear for this exam is graduation from approved nursing schools. Average salary, $53,000

5. COMPUTER SOFTWARE ENGINEER: CNN reports that 307,000 computer software engineers will be required in the next 3-4 years. This is one interesting job with lots of code writing or fixing for making the computers of the world work. Certification: University graduates with computer science as a major, with physics and math can jumpstart their careers. Some top certifications are MCSE, Sun Certified Java Programmer, MySQL and Red Hat Certified Engineer.

6. INVESTMENT AND FINANCIAL ADVISOR: Tops the salary charts for both federal as well as private employers. Based on the risk profile and risk-benefit analysis, they advise their clients on personal and business financial matters. Salary ranges from $28,500 to $145,600. Certification: College graduation along with a Chartered Financial Analyst (CFA) certification can enhance prospects.70-284
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7. CISCO CERTIFIED INTERNETWORK EXPERT (CCIE): If difficulty, prestige and recognitions are any thing to go by, here it is. CCIE is not among the most sought after certification but it is very difficult. This simply is the most feared exam of all. Certification: By CISCO

8. RED HAT CERTIFIED ENGINEER (RHCE): Increase of interest in open source code has shot up the popularity of this job. This is hailed as the MCSE of Linux certifications.

9. MEDICAL SCIENTIST: Broad category that involves medical research. This career is hot because of the large amount of research activity initiated by the government and private organizations on AIDS, cancer, Parkinson’s Syndrome and many more. Certification: Doctorate: $100,000 and above.

10. ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEER: This job ranks high because of its high growth index in the next 2-3 years itself. Salary indicated ranges from $38,950 to $92,940. They work in laboratories in universities, governments, or research firms etc. Stringent environmental regulations are expected making the job a much preferred one. Certification: College graduation and degree in Environmental Engineering or Geology.

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All cisco candidates 646-229, 642-414, 646-203 will be retired in 2008 on cisco official websites. These cisco certification exam can validate candidates related knowledge, for mastering and proving your alilities, you’d better take these exams from pass4sure website. Now we talk about some cisco related certification information.

Cisco CCNA candidates need to be aware that the current CCNA, Intro, and ICND exams are being retired as of November 6, 2007.

This is actually great news for future CCNAs, since there is more than enough time to study for the 640-801 version of the CCNA exam, even if you haven’t started studying yet!

The current version of the exam, 640-801, is challenging enough as it is - but the new version of the exam, 640-802, is going to be even more challenging! Among the new topics covered on the 640-802 exam are Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (RSTP), IP Version 6 (IPv6), router security, switch security, VPNs, and wireless routing.

Why is Cisco making these changes? Cisco no longer wants the CCNA to be seen as an “entry level” certification, and I personally think that’s a welcome change. I’ve been writing CCNA ebooks and teaching in-person and internet-based CCNA courses for years, and I’ve always refused to refer to the CCNA as “entry level”. Cisco’s new entry-level certification is the CCENT, Cisco Certified Entry Level Technician, and we’ll talk about that certification in a future article.

For now, it’s important to realize that you have plenty of time to prepare for the current 640-801 exam. By doing so, you’ll earn one of the most valuable certifications avaiable today. Cisco does a tremendous job in protecting the value of its certifications, and any time spend on earning the CCNA is time well-spent.

The 640-802 CCNA exam will be available on August 1, but again, the current 640-801 exam will be available through November 5. If you want to get CCNA certified, now is definitely the time to get the job done - so get started, book your exam date today, and get CCNA certified!

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Creating DataSet Objects NS0-201 70-643 156-215.1
DataSet objects are available in the System.Data namespace and are used as an in-memory cache of the data being used in your application. DataSet objects contain DataTable objects that can be related with DataRelation objects much like the structure of a relational database.
DataSet Objects
Datasets are objects that you use to temporarily store the data that is used in your application. There are basically two distinct kinds of DataSet objects: typed, and untyped. Untyped DataSets are the standard generic instances of the DataSet class where you manually build up the DataSet definition (schema) by creating DataTable objects (untyped DataTables) and adding them to the Tables collection in the DataSet. You can access untyped DataTable and DataColumn objects through their collection indices. Typed DataSet objects derive their schema from an .xsd file and contain explicitly typed collections (such as a specific CustomersTable object).
There are three distinct ways to create DataSet objects in Visual Studio:
Declare a new DataSet object programmatically in the code editor, which results in an empty DataSet that requires creating DataTable and optional DataRelation objects to be added to the DataSet.
Use design-time tools such as the DataSet Designer and the Data Source Configuration Wizard which assists in the creation of typed DataSet objects by stepping you through the process of selecting or creating a data connection and then allowing you to select database objects available from that connection to build up a typed DataSet and have most, if not all, of the necessary code generated for you.
Drag a DataSet object from the Toolbox onto a form and use the Table and Column
Collection editors to build up the schema of your DataSet. 642-444 70-631 MB7-515
Merging DataSet Contents
You can take the contents from one DataSet (the source dataset) and merge it with the contents of another DataSet (the target dataset) using the DataSet.Merge method.
When merging datasets, the actual data is combined depending on whether a similar record exists in the DataSet into which it will be merged. For example, if you merge two datasets that both contain a record with the same primary key, the values in the target DataSet will be overwritten with the new values in the source DataSet. You can control this behavior and restrict changes from being made in the target DataSet by passing in a true or false value to the PreserveChanges flag in the Merge method. In addition to merging the actual data, when you merge two DataSets that have tables with differing schema, you can pass an optional MissingSchemaAction parameter to the Merge method that controls the behavior of the merge when the source DataSet has objects that are not currently in the target DataSet. The following are valid values for the MissingSchemaAction parameter:
Add (default) All schema items in the source DataSet are added to the target DataSet and populated.
AddWithKey All schema items and primary key settings are added to the target DataSet.
Error An exception will be thrown when the schemas in the source and target DataSets do not match.
Ignore All schema inconsistencies between the source and target DataSets are ignored.
In the following code example, the contents of the OldSalesDataSet are merged into the contents of the SalesHistoryDataSet. The PreserveChanges parameter is set to True and any schema differences will be ignored. 642-811 642-061 70-526

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Performing Bulk Copy Operations 640-801 HP0-145 70-646
This lesson describes how to copy large amounts of data quickly, using the SqlBulkCopy object provided by the System.Data.SqlClient namespace and the BULK INSERT SQL statement in SQL Server. In addition to performing an individual bulk copy operation, you will also learn how to perform a set of bulk copy operations wrapped within a transaction.
Why Perform Bulk Copies?
Copying large amounts of data from one database table to another (or from a file to a database table) can take a lot of time and resources if you simply create an application that reads individual rows out of the original data source and then insert the individual rows into the destination data source. To accomplish the task of moving many records (or entire tables) of data, use the .NET Framework and SQL Server bulk copy features, which perform the transfer of the bulk copies more efficiently than transferring individual records.
Lab: Bulk Copying
In this lab you will bulk copy data from one table to another.
Creating Tables to Copy Data into
To demonstrate how to perform a bulk copy operation, you need tables to copy data into. A quick way to create the tables is to use Server Explorer and the Visual Database Tools to do some cutting and pasting! Use the following steps to create CustomerHistory and OrderHistory tables, which you will use to bulk copy the Customer and Order table data into. 70-291 1D0-510 MB6-508
1.In Server Explorer, expand the Tables node for the Northwind database.
2.Right-click the Customers table and select Open Table Definition.
3.Select the first row by clicking the box with the key icon.
4.Press Ctrl+A to select all the rows.
5.Press Ctrl+C to copy them to the clipboard.
6.Right-click the Tables node in Server Explorer and select Add New Table.
7.Select the empty row (not a cell but the entire row) and press Ctrl+V to paste the table definition into the row.
8.Select only the CustomerID row. Right-click the CustomerID row and select Set Primary Key.
9.Save the table and name it CustomerHistory.
10.Repeat these steps with the Orders table, set the OrderID as the primary key, and save the table with the name OrderHistory.
Lesson Summary
Bulk copying provides an efficient way to copy large amounts of data.
The SqlBulkCopy object provides a .NET Framework class to perform bulk copy operations in your application.
The SQL BULK INSERT statement provides a way to perform bulk copy operations using the resources in SQL Server.
Bulk copy operations can be performed from within a transaction.
Lesson Review 190-802 70-290 70-649
The following questions are intended to reinforce key information presented in this lesson. The questions are also available on the companion CD if you prefer to review them in electronic form.

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The ToolStrip control is a host for ToolStripMenuItem controls that can be used to create toolbar-style functionality for your forms. Toolbars provide support for item reordering, rafting, and overflow of items onto the overflow button.646-204 225-030 000-253

Many tool strip items duplicate functionality of full-size Windows Forms controls such as ToolStripLabel, ToolStripButton, ToolStripTextBox, ToolStripComboBox, and ToolStripProgressBar. Tool strip controls that do not have analogous Windows Forms controls include ToolStripSeparator, ToolStripDropDownButton, and Tool-StripSplitButton.
You can display images on the ToolStripItems control with the Image property.
The ToolStripContainer control allows you to create forms that include support for rafting toolbars.

The ToolStripManager class is a static class that exposes methods for tool strip management. You can use the ToolStripManager.Merge method to merge tool strips.
Lesson Review
You can use the following questions to test your knowledge of the information in this lesson. The questions are also available on the companion CD if you prefer to review them in electronic form.

Creating and Configuring Menus 190-803 BI0-122 640-863
Menus have always been a part of Windows Forms applications. They give the user quick and easy access to important application commands in an easy-to-understand, easy-to-browse interface. The .NET Framework version 2.0 introduced MenuStrips, which allow the rapid creation of Forms menus as well as context menus (also known as shortcut menus, which appear when the user right-clicks an object). In this lesson, you will learn how to create menus and context menus and configure them for use in your application.

Creating Access Keys
Access keys enable you to access menu items by defining keys that, when pressed in combination with the Alt key, will execute the menu command. For example, if a File menu defines the F key as an access key, when Alt+F is pressed, the File menu will open. Menus that contain sub-menus open when the access key combination is pressed, and menus that invoke commands will invoke those commands. Note that the menu item must be visible for the access key to function. Thus, if you define an access key for an Open menu item that exists in the File sub-menu, the File menu must be opened first for the access key combination to function.
You can create an access key for a menu by preceding the letter you want to define the access key for with an ampersand (&) symbol. For example, to create an Alt+F access key combination for the File menu, you would set the FileToolStripMenuItem’s Text property to &File.
Creating Shortcut Keys
Unlike access keys, shortcut keys are a combination of keystrokes that allow direct invocation of a menu item whether the menu item is visible or not. For example, you might define the Ctrl+E key combination to be a shortcut key for the Exit menu command in the File menu. Even if the File menu is not open, Ctrl+E will cause the Exit menu command to be executed. Also, unlike access keys, you cannot create shortcut keys for top-level menus—you can create them only for items in sub-menus. 000-731 ex0-100 70-620
You can create a shortcut key at design time by setting the ShortcutKeys property in the Properties window. Clicking the ShortcutKeys property launches a visual interface than enables you to define a key combination. This interface is shown in Figure 4-5.
If you want to display the shortcut key combination next to the menu item, you can set the ShowShortcutKeys property of the ToolStripMenuItem control to True. You can also define a custom text to be shown instead of the key combination. If you want to define a custom text, you can set it in the ShortcutKeyDisplayString property.

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